87.040 (Paints and varnishes) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D3450-15 室内建筑涂料的洗涤性能的标准试验方法

5.1 Interior architectural paints are often discolored by dirt and other soilant materials. This test method covers the relative ease and completeness of removal of a specific soilant from such a surface by scrubbing. The greater the ease of soil removal with a minimum of film erosion, the greater the useful service life is expected to be. 5.2 Results obtained by this test method do not necessarily correlate with all types of soilants. 5.3 Semigloss finishes generally require only the nonabrasive type cleaner for good soilant removal, whereas flat paints may require the abrasive type. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative ease of removing soilant discolorations from the dried film of an interior coating by washing with either an abrasive or nonabrasive cleaner. 1.2 This test method is limited to coatings having a CIE-Y reflectance of 608201;% or more, as measured in accordance with Test Method E1347. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Washability Properties of Interior Architectural Coatings

ASTM D4141/D4141M-14 涂层的黑箱和阳光集中暴露处理用标准操作规程

5.1 As with any accelerated test, the increase in rate of weathering compared to in service exposure is material dependent. Therefore, no single acceleration factor can be used to relate two different types of outdoor weathering exposures. The weather resistance rankings of coatings provided by these two procedures may not agree when coatings differing in composition are compared. These two procedures should not be used interchangeably. 5.2 The procedures described in this practice are designed to provide greater degradation rates of coatings than those provided by fixed angle open-rack outdoor exposure racks. For many products, fixed angle exposures will produce higher degradation rates than the normal end use of the material. 5.2.1 The use of Procedure A (Black Box) instead of an open-rack direct exposure is a more realistic test for materials with higher temperature end use service conditions. For many coatings, this procedure provides greater rates of degradation than those provided by 5°, equator-facing, open-rack exposures because the black box produces higher specimen temperatures during irradiation by daylight and longer time of wetness. The black box specimen temperatures are comparable to those encountered on the hoods, roofs, and deck lids of automobiles parked in sunlight. The relative rates of gloss loss and color change produced in some automotive coatings by exposures in accordance with Procedure A are given in ASTM STP 781.4 5.2.2 The acceleration of Procedure C is produced by reflecting sunlight from ten mirrors onto an air-cooled specimen area. In the ultraviolet portion of the solar spectrum, approximately 1400 MJ/m2 of ultraviolet radiant exposure (295 to 385 nm) is received over a typical one-year period when these devices are operated in a central Arizona climate. This compares with approximately 333 MJ/m2 of ultraviolet radiant exposure from a central Arizona at-latitude exposure and 280 MJ/m2 of ultraviolet radiant exposure from a southern Florida at-latitude exposure over the same time period. However, the test described by Procedure C reflects only direct beam radiation onto test specimens. The reflected direct beam of sunlight contains a lower percentage of short wavelength ultraviolet radiation than global daylight because short wavelength ultraviolet is more easily scattered by the atmosphere, and because mirrors are typically less efficient at shorter ultraviolet wavelengths. Ultraviolet radiant exposure levels should not be used to compute acceleration factors since acceleration is material dependent. 5.3 The weather resistance of coatings in outdoor use can be very different depending on the geographic location of the exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative weather resistance in a different location. Exposures in several locations with different climates that represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended. 5.4 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which a material degrades.Note 3—Several years of repeat exposures are typically needed to get an “average” test result for a g......

Standard Practice for Conducting Black Box and Solar Concentrating Exposures of Coatings

ASTM E1610-14 对涂料进行侦查分析和比较的标准指南

6.1 This guide is designed to assist the forensic paint examiner in selecting and organizing an analytical scheme for identifying and comparing paints and coatings. The size and condition of the sample(s) will influence the selected analytical scheme. 1.1 Forensic paint analyses and comparisons are typically distinguished by sample size that precludes the application of many standard industrial paint analysis procedures or protocols. The forensic paint examiner must address concerns such as the issues of a case or investigation, sample size, complexity and condition, environmental effects, and collection methods. These factors require that the forensic paint examiner choose test methods, sample preparation schemes, test sequence, and degree of sample alteration and consumption that are suitable to each specific case. 1.2 This guide is intended as an introduction to standard guides for forensic examination of paints and coatings. It is intended to assist individuals who conduct forensic paint analyses in their evaluation, selection, and application of tests that may be of value to their investigations. This guide describes methods to develop discriminatory information using an efficient and reasonable order of testing. The need for validated methods and quality assurance guidelines is also addressed. This document is not intended as a detailed methods description or rigid scheme for the analysis and comparison of paints, but as a guide to the strengths and limitations of each analytical method. The goal is to provide a consistent approach to forensic paint analysis. 1.3 This guide cannot replace knowledge, skill, or ability acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 Some of the methods discussed in this guide involve the use of dangerous chemicals, temperatures, and radiation sources. This guide does not purport to address the possible safety hazards or precautions associated with its application. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Guide for Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison

ASTM D3170/D3170M-14 覆层耐切割性的标准试验方法

4.1 Owners consider chipping of coatings, particularly on the leading faces and edges of automobile surfaces, unacceptable. In formulating a coating or coating system to meet service requirements, the resistance to chipping damage by flying objects such as gravel is one of the properties of importance since it can vary considerably as other properties are adjusted. Since resistance to chipping decreases at lower temperatures partly as the result of decreased flexibility, the test may be more directly related to service conditions by performing it at a low temperature. This test method is designed to produce a controlled amount of impact by the media on the coated panel in order to enhance reproducibility. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of coatings to chipping damage by stones or other flying objects. Note 1: This test method is similar to SAE J-400. 1.2 All dimensions are nominal unless otherwise specified. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Chipping Resistance of Coatings

ASTM E28-14 使用环球仪测定从松脂化学品和碳氢化合物中取得的树脂的软化点的标准试验方法

3.1 In general, with materials of these types, softening does not take place at a definite temperature. As the temperature rises, these materials gradually change from brittle or exceedingly thick and slow-flowing materials to softer and less viscous liquids. For this reason, the determination of the softening point must be made by a fixed, arbitrary, and closely defined method if the results obtained are to be comparable. 3.2 In these test methods, the softening point is defined as the temperature at which a disk of the sample held within a horizontal ring is forced downward a distance of 25.4 mm (18201;in.) under the weight of a steel ball as the sample is heated at 5°C/min in a water, glycerin, silicone oil, ethylene glycol/water or glycerin/water bath. 3.3 The automatic method was chosen to be the reference method because a round robin demonstrated that it gave more precise results than the manual method. 1.1 These test methods are intended for determining the softening point of resins (including rosin and terpene resins) and similar materials by means of the ring-and-ball apparatus. Note 1: For testing asphalts, tars, and pitches, see Test Method D36. 1.1.1 Test method using the automated ring and ball softening point apparatus is the reference method and 1.1.2 Test method using the manual ring and ball softening point apparatus is an alternative method. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Methods for Softening Point of Resins Derived from Pine Chemicals and Hydrocarbons, by Ring-and-Ball Apparatus

ASTM D1006/D1006M-13 木材表面涂料的室外暴露试验标准实施规程

4.1 The procedure described in this practice is intended to aid in evaluating the performance of house and trim paints to new, previously unpainted wood. 4.2 The relative durability of paints in outdoor exposures can be very different depending on the location of the exposure because of differences in solar radiation, time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative durability in a different location. Exposures in several locations with different climates which represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions are recommended. 4.2.1 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which a material degrades. Several years of repeat exposures are needed to get an “average” test result for a given location. 4.2.2 Solar radiation varies considerably as function of time of year. This can cause large differences in the apparent rate of degradation in many paints. Comparing results for materials exposed for short periods (less than one year) is not recommended unless materials are exposed at the same time in the same location. 4.3 The Significance and Use section in Practice G7 addresses many variables to be considered in exterior exposure tests. 1.1 This practice covers procedures to be followed for direct exposure of house and trim paints on new, previously unpainted wood materials to the environment. When originators of a weathering test have the actual exposure conducted by a separate agency, the specific conditions for the exposure of test and control specimens should be clearly defined and mutually agreed upon between all parties. 1.2 This standard covers specimen preparation including the application of the test paint to the wood substrate. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints on Wood

ASTM D4061-13 平面涂层回复反射的标准试验方法

5.1 The quantity coefficient of retroreflected luminance is a measure of the reflected luminance in the direction of the observer. This is the light returned by the retroreflective surface to the observer from the source, which in practice is the vehicle headlamp. 5.2 This test method may be used as a measure of the nighttime performance of horizontally applied surfacing materials used on highway surfaces for lane markings and other traffic control purposes. 5.3 Since this test method is a laboratory procedure, test specimens must be prepared so that they can be mounted on the specimen holder. Specimens measured by this laboratory method may be used as transfer standards for the calibration of portable instrumentation. 5.4 Specimen selection and preparation may significantly influence the results of this test method. 1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the retroreflective properties of horizontal surfacing materials, such as traffic stripe paint systems, traffic tapes, and traffic surface symbols. 1.2 Specimen preparation, size, and shape must be determined and specified by the user of this test method. Likewise, the user must specify the observation and entrance angles to be used (see Fig. 1). 1.3 The geometric requirements of this test method are based on materials for which the relative retroreflectance changes less than approximately 508201;% over the observation angle range from 0.2 to 0.5°. This is illustrated in Fig. 2. 1.4 This test method is a laboratory test and requires a facility that can be darkened sufficiently so that stray light does not affect the test results. This facility must be capable of housing the required 15-m test distance. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Retroreflectance of Horizontal Coatings

ASTM E1753-13 干漆膜中铅含量检测用定性化学抽查试验成套工具使用的标准实施规程

5.1 This technique is applicable to dry paint films and varnishes in a variety of forms including the intact dry paint film surface, a notched or other angular cut surface that exposes a cross section of all paint layers, a paint chip, and ground paint film. 5.2 The response of the spot test method varies depending on the extractability of lead from a coating matrix, which may differ depending on the test kit used, the coating type tested, and the type of lead pigment (3). 5.3 In some situations, metals and other chemical species interfere with the spot tests causing false negative or false positive results (see Section 8). 5.4 A spot test result may be used as a negative screen for the presence of lead in paints and varnishes provided the response of the test kit is sensitive to detecting lead reliably at a given predetermined level, for example, a federal or state regulated abatement action level (4). 5.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with quantitative analytical methods for lead such as portable X-ray fluorescence, anodic stripping voltammetry, or fixed-site laboratory analysis of paint chip samples. 5.6 Colorblind individuals (protanomalous viewers) who are deficient in viewing red colors may have difficulty in discerning the pink or red color of a positive rhodizonate test. 1.1 This practice covers the use of commercial spot test kits based on either sulfide or rhodizonate for the qualitative determination of the presence of lead in dry paint films. 1.2 This practice may also be used as a qualitative procedure for other dry coating films such as varnishes. 1.3 This practice provides a list of the advantages and limitations of chemical spot test kits based on sulfide and rhodizonate to allow the user to choose the appropriate spot test for a given circumstance. 1.4 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Use of Qualitative Chemical Spot Test Kits for Detection of Lead in Dry Paint Films

ASTM D822/D822M-13 涂料和相关涂层滤过开放弧焰碳精棒弧光暴露标准操作规程

4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration of its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light, heat, and water can be very significant for many applications. This practice is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. 4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when different operating conditions are used. Therefore, no reference to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained according to this practice.Note 1—Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141. 4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an open-flame carbon-arc is significantly different from that produced in light and water exposure devices using other carbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The type and rate of degradation and the performance rankings produced by exposures to filtered open-flame carbon-arcs can be much different from those produced by exposures to other types of laboratory light sources. 4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all laboratories use the same type of carbon-arc, filters, and exposure conditions. 4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to a control.4,5 Therefore, exposure of a similar material of known performance (a control) at the same time as the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to allow for statistical evaluation of results. 4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to operate the equipment according to Practice G152. Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedom from salt or other deposits from water, temperature and humidity control, and conditions of the electrodes. 4.5 All references to exposures in accordance with this practice must include a complete description of the test cycle used. 1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for accelerated exposure testing of coatings and related products in filtered open-flame carbon-arc devices conducted according to Practices G151 and G152. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the evaluation of test results. Table 1 describes commonly used test conditions. 1.2 This practice does not cover enclosed carbon-arc exposures of paints an......

Standard Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings

ASTM D3794-13 线圈涂料试验的标准指南

4.1 This guide represents a collection of pertinent ASTM test methods used within the coil coatings industry. In the past coil coaters world wide depended on industry standards written by the National Coil Coaters Association. That association, working cooperatively with ASTM, will no longer issue new, nor update old, standards. 1.1 This guide covers procedures for testing coil coatings. The test methods included are listed in Table 1. Where more than one test method is listed for the same characteristic, no attempt is made to indicate superiority of one method over another. Selection of test methods to be followed must be governed by the requirements in each individual case, together with agreement between the producer and user. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 7 on Hazards.

Standard Guide for Testing Coil Coatings

ASTM E2937-13 鉴识涂料检查中使用红外光谱的标准指南

5.1 FTIR spectroscopy may be employed for the classification of paint binder types and pigments as well as for the comparison of spectra from known and questioned coatings. When utilized for comparison purposes, the goal of the forensic examiner is to determine whether any significant differences exist between the known and questioned samples. 5.2 This guide is designed to assist an examiner in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods and instrumental parameters for the analysis, comparison or identification of paint binders and pigments. 5.3 It is not the intent of this guide to present comprehensive theories and methods of FTIR spectroscopy. It is necessary that the examiner have an understanding of FTIR and general concepts of specimen preparation prior to using this guide. This information is available from manufacturers’ reference materials, training courses, and references such as: Forensic Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy (Suzuki, 1993) (4), Infrared Microspectroscopy of Forensic Paint Evidence (Ryland, 1995) (5), Use of Infrared Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Paint Fragments (Beveridge, 2001) (6), and An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry (2). 1.1 This guide applies to the forensic IR analysis of paints and coatings and is intended to supplement information presented in the Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison Guidelines (1)2 written by Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT). This guideline is limited to the discussion of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) instruments and provides information on FTIR instrument setup, performance assessment, sample preparation, analysis and data interpretation. It is intended to provide an understanding of the requirements, benefits, limitations and proper use of IR accessories and sampling methods available for use by forensic paint examiners. The following accessory techniques will be discussed: FTIR microspectroscopy (transmission and reflectance), diamond cell and attenuated total reflectance. The particular methods employed by each examiner or laboratory, or both, are dependent upon available equipment, examiner training, specimen size or suitability, and purpose of examination. This guideline does not cover the theoretical aspects of many of the topics presented. These can be found in texts such as An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry (Federation of Societies for Coatings, 1991) (2) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (Griffiths and de Haseth, 1986) (3). 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health ......

Standard Guide for Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic Paint Examinations

ASTM G13/G13M-13 管道涂层抗冲击性的标准试验方法 (石灰石坠落试验)

4.1 This test method is intended to simulate the effects of backfilling after pipe has been placed in the trench. The backfill is often rocky soil and, if it is unscreened and the coated pipe is unshielded by sand or other protective padding, the falling rocks may seriously damage the coating. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative resistance of pipeline coatings to impact by observing the effects of falling stones on coated pipe specimens. 1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Impact Resistance of Pipeline Coatings (Limestone Drop Test)

ASTM D4585/D4585M-13 用受控冷凝法测试涂层耐水性的标准实施规程

4.1 Water can cause degradation of coatings, so knowledge of how a coating resists water is helpful in predicting its service life. Failure in a condensation test may be caused by a number of factors including a deficiency in the coating itself, contamination of the substrate, or inadequate surface preparation. The test is therefore useful for evaluating coatings alone or complete coating systems. 4.2 Condensation tests of coatings are used for specification acceptance, quality control, and research and development of coatings and substrate treatments. These tests usually result in a pass or fail determination but the degree of failure also may be measured. A coating system is considered to pass if there is no evidence of water-related failure after a specified period of time. 4.3 Results obtained from the use of condensation tests in accordance with this practice should not be represented as being equivalent to a period of exposure to water in the natural environment, until the degree of quantitative correlation has been established for the coating or coating system. 4.4 The test is usually conducted on metal, plastics, or wood specimens with the coating facing the inside of the chamber. However, it is possible to test the blister resistance of house paints on wood specimens by mounting the uncoated wood surface facing the inside of the chamber. 4.5 This practice can be used for corrosion tests particularly if the specimens are periodically dried. While corrosion products will drain into the water bath, they are not carried into the vapor that condenses on the test specimens. 1.1 This practice covers basic principles and operating procedures for testing water resistance of coatings using controlled condensation. Condensation is produced by exposing one surface of a coated specimen to a heated, saturated mixture of air and water vapor, while the reverse side of the specimen is exposed to the cooling effect of room temperature air. This practice is derived from research of the Cleveland Society for Coatings Technology.2 1.2 This practice is limited to the methods of obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions and procedures of controlled condensation tests. It does not specify specimen preparation, specific test conditions, or evaluation of results. Note 1—Alternative practices for testing water resistance of coatings include Practices D870, D1735, and D2247. 1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings Using Controlled Condensation

ASTM D7490-13 采用接触角测量固体涂料, 基质和颜料的表面张力的标准试验方法

5.1 The method described in this standard is based on the concept that the total free energy at a surface is the sum of contributions from different intermolecular forces, such as dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding. There are other techniques that employ three components (dispersion, polar and hydrogen bonding). These methods are further complicated by needing three to five test liquids and are not practical for routine testing. This method uses contact angles of two liquids to provide data for the calculation of two components, dispersion, γsd, and polar, γsp. 5.2 Dispersion and polar component data, along with the total solid surface tension, are useful for explaining or predicting wetting or adhesion, or both, of coatings on pretreatments, substrates and other coatings. Low solid surface tension values often are a sign of contamination and portend potential wetting problems. High polar components may signal polar contamination. There is evidence in the literature that matching of polar components of topcoats and primers gives better adhesion.4 5.3 Solid surface tensions of pigments, particularly the polar components, may be useful in understanding dispersion problems or to provide signals for the composition of dispersants and mill bases. However, comparison of pigments may be difficult if there are differences in the roughness or porosity, or both, of the disks prepared from them. 5.4 Although this technique is very useful in characterizing surfaces, evaluating surface active additives and explaining problems, it is not designed to be a quality control or specification test. 1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the measurement of contact angles of two liquids, one polar and the other nonpolar, of known surface tension on a substrate, pigment (in the form of a disk), or cured or air dried coating in order to calculate the surface properties (surface tension and its dispersion and polar components) of the solid. 1.2 The total solid surface tension range that can be determined using this method is approximately 20 to 60 dyn/cm. 1.3 The values stated in CGS units (dyn/cm) are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Surface Tension of Solid Coatings, Substrates and Pigments using Contact Angle Measurements

ASTM D6803-13 使用小型环境室对油漆释放出的挥发性有机化合物 (包括羰基化合物) 进行试验和采样的标准实施规程

5.1 Latex and alkyd paints are used as coatings for walls, wooden trim, and furnishings in occupied buildings. Paint may be applied to large surface areas and may be applied repeatedly during the lifetime of a building. VOCs are emitted from paint after application to surfaces. 5.2 There is a need for data on emissions from paint. The data can be used to compare emissions from different products. The data may be used to assist manufacturers in reducing or eliminating VOC emissions from their products. The data may be used to predict concentrations of VOCs in a room or building when used with appropriate indoor air quality models. 5.3 Standard test practices and procedures are needed for the comparison of emissions data from different laboratories. 1.1 This practice provides procedures for preparing test samples of alkyd primer, alkyd paint, latex primer, or latex paint applied to building materials such as gypsum wallboard, wood, or engineered wood products and procedures for sampling volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from those test samples. Emissions are sampled from small environmental chambers operated under controlled conditions. 1.2 This practice describes procedures for preparation of test specimens by application of primer or paint to common building materials. Use of the procedures described in this practice for tests with other application methods or substrates may affect the results and not meet the criteria recommended in the practice. 1.3 This practice describes procedures for collection of VOCs on sorbent tubes and carbonyl compounds on silica gel treated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) that require analytical methods for measurement of individual organic compound concentrations. This practice does not describe the detailed procedures of analytical methods, but refers to published methods for these analyses. 1.4 This practice describes procedures for testing and sampling VOCs emitted from paint under controlled conditions. The test conditions, when combined with analytical data, can be used to calculate emission rates. This practice does not recommend a method for the calculations. 1.5 Values stated in the International System of Units (SI) are to be regarded as the standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Testing and Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds (Including Carbonyl Compounds) Emitted from Paint Using Small Environmental Chambers

ASTM D3361/D3361M-13 油漆和相关涂层的未过滤开放弧焰炭精棒-弧光曝光标准操作规程

4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration of its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light, heat, and water can be very significant for many applications. This practice is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. 4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when different operating conditions are used. Therefore, no reference to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained according to this practice.Note 1—Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141. 4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an unfiltered open-flame carbon arc is significantly different from that produced in light and water exposure devices using other carbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The type and rate of degradation and the performance rankings produced by exposures to unfiltered open-flame carbon-arcs can be much different from that produced by exposures to other types of laboratory light sources. Typically, exposures conducted according to this practice will produce degradation faster than similar exposures conducted in accordance with Practice D822/D822M or D5031/D5031M and may cause different types of degradation. 4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all laboratories use the same type of carbon-arc and exposure conditions. 4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to a control.4,5 Therefore, exposure of a similar material of known performance (a control) at the same time as the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to allow for statistical evaluation of results. 4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to operate the equipment in accordance with Practice G152. Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedom from salt or other deposits from water, temperature and humidity control, and conditions of the electrodes. 4.5 All references to exposures in accordance with this practice must include a complete description of the test cycle used. 1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for accelerated exposure testing of coatings and related products in unfiltered open-flame carbon-arc devices conducted according to Practice G151 and G152. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditio......

Standard Practice for Unfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings

ASTM D7868-13 测定保护涂层过喷干燥(雾状)特性的标准实施规程

5.1 Attachment of overspray particles to vehicles and other surfaces not intended to be coated can result in property damage and insurance claims. Dry fall coatings are formulated such that overspray particles dry as they move through the air, and before they land on horizontal surfaces. These particles can then be brushed off, vacuumed or washed from the surfaces with no damage. This practice can be used to evaluate the dry fall properties of coatings prior to large scale use. The practice can also be used to evaluate whether the coating(s) possess the same dry fall properties when the fallout collects on surfaces with an elevated temperature. 1.1 This practice covers a procedure for qualitatively evaluating the dry fall properties of coatings. The establishment of the test environment and the evaluation procedures are described. 1.2 This practice uses panels containing an automotive finish since these types of surfaces are often the primary concern relating to overspray damage. Panels coated with other systems may be used as collection surfaces when they are deemed to be more representative. 1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Determining the Dry Fall (Fog) Properties of Protective Coatings

ASTM D5031/D5031M-13 对涂料和相关涂层进行封闭碳弧暴露试验的标准实施规程

4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration of its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light, heat, and water can be very significant for many applications. This practice is intended to induce property changes associated with end-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. 4.2 Cautions—Variation in results may be expected when different operating conditions are used. Therefore, no reference to the use of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the specific operating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained according to this practice.Note 2—Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141. 4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an enclosed carbon arc is significantly different from that produced in light and water exposure devices using other carbon-arc configurations or other light sources. The type and rate of degradation and the performance rankings produced by exposures to enclosed carbon arcs can be much different from those produced by exposures to other types of laboratory light sources. 4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all laboratories use the same type of carbon arc, filters, and exposure conditions. 4.3 Reproducibility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluated in terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to a control.4,5 Therefore, exposure of a similar material of known performance (a control) at the same time as the test materials is strongly recommended. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material be exposed to allow for statistical evaluation of results. 4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to operate the equipment according to Practice G153. Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedom from salt or other deposits from water, temperature and humidity control, and conditions of the electrodes. 4.5 All references to exposures in accordance with this practice must include a complete description of the test cycle used. 1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for accelerated exposure testing of coatings and related products in enclosed carbon arc devices operated according to Practices G151 and G153. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the evaluation of test results. Table 1 describes commonly used test conditions. 1.2 This practice does not cover filtered open-f......

Standard Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of Paint and Related Coatings

ASTM D1475-13 测定液体涂料、油墨和相关产品密度的标准试验方法

5.1 Density is weight per unit volume. It is a key property in the identification, characterization, and quality control of a wide range of materials. Density measurements in terms of weight per gallon are commonly used to check paint quality. If the density is not within specification, there is a good chance that there was a mischarge or other serious problem. 5.2 This test method is suitable for the determination of density of paint and related products and components when in liquid form. It is particularly applicable when the fluid has too high a viscosity or when a component is too volatile for a density balance determination. 5.3 This test method provides for the maximum accuracy required for hiding power determinations. It is equally suitable for work in which less accuracy is required, by ignoring the directions for recalibration and consideration of temperature differentials, and using as the container a “weight-per-gallon” cup. 5.4 Automatic equipment for measuring density is available (see Test Method D4052) from several manufacturers. Such apparatus has been used for resins and latices as well as for oils and solvents. Before such equipment is used for a given product, results must be checked very carefully. Particularly with paints, inks, and resins, there are possibilities of gumming, fouling, and other interferences with operation. 1.1 This test method covers the measurement of density of paints, inks, varnishes, lacquers, and components thereof, other than pigments, when in fluid form. 1.2 For higher precision when working with nonpigmented materials (drying oils, varnishes, resins and related materials), Test Method D1963 can be used to determine specific gravity and, thence, density. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3.1 Exception—The values for density are to be stated in inch-pound units. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precaution statement is given in 8.1.1.1.

Standard Test Method For Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products

ASTM D1535-12 用孟塞尔色系规定颜色的标准操作规程

This practice is used by artists, designers, scientists, engineers, and government regulators, to specify an existing or desired color. It is used in the natural sciences to record the colors of specimens, or identify specimens, such as human complexion, flowers, foliage, soils, and minerals. It is used to specify colors for commerce and for control of color-production processes, when instrumental color measurement is not economical. The Munsell system is widely used for color tolerancing, even when instrumentation is employed (see Practice D3134). It is common practice to have color chips made to illustrate an aim color and the just tolerable deviations from that color in hue, value, and chroma, such a set of chips being called a Color Tolerance Set. A color tolerance set exhibits the aim color and color tolerances so that everyone involved in the selection, production, and acceptance of the color can directly perceive the intent of the specification, before bidding to supply the color or starting production. A color tolerance set may be measured to establish instrumental tolerances. Without extensive experience, it may be impossible to visualize the meaning of numbers resulting from color measurement, but by this practice, the numbers can be translated to the Munsell color-order system, which is exemplified by colored chips for visual examination. This color-order system is the basis of the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Names, as well as the Universal Color Language, which associates color names, in the English language, with Munsell notations (3).1.1 This practice provides a means of specifying the colors of objects in terms of the Munsell color order system, a system based on the color-perception attributes hue, lightness, and chroma. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as painted surfaces viewed in daylight by an observer having normal color vision. This practice provides a simple visual method as an alternative to the more precise and more complex method based on spectrophotometry and the CIE system (see Practices E308 and E1164). Provision is made for conversion of CIE data to Munsell notation. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System